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Path: ...!3.eu.feeder.erje.net!2.eu.feeder.erje.net!feeder.erje.net!feeds.news.ox.ac.uk!news.ox.ac.uk!nntp-feed.chiark.greenend.org.uk!ewrotcd!news.eyrie.org!beagle.ediacara.org!.POSTED.beagle.ediacara.org!not-for-mail From: RonO <rokimoto557@gmail.com> Newsgroups: talk.origins Subject: Largest animal genome 91 billion base-pairs. Date: Wed, 21 Aug 2024 14:51:59 -0500 Organization: A noiseless patient Spider Lines: 36 Sender: to%beagle.ediacara.org Approved: moderator@beagle.ediacara.org Message-ID: <va5gh2$vb$1@dont-email.me> Reply-To: rokimoto557@gmail.com MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Injection-Info: beagle.ediacara.org; posting-host="beagle.ediacara.org:3.132.105.89"; logging-data="46070"; mail-complaints-to="usenet@beagle.ediacara.org" User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird To: talk-origins@moderators.isc.org Cancel-Lock: sha1:WyJUD+QDxuO1F1Xm+2zfYkIoN+E= Return-Path: <news@eternal-september.org> X-Original-To: talk-origins@ediacara.org Delivered-To: talk-origins@ediacara.org id 68E1122986F; Wed, 21 Aug 2024 15:52:08 -0400 (EDT) by beagle.ediacara.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 56BEB22978C for <talk-origins@ediacara.org>; Wed, 21 Aug 2024 15:52:06 -0400 (EDT) id 17CDB872A8; Wed, 21 Aug 2024 15:52:06 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: talk-origins@moderators.isc.org by mod-relay.zaccari.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id E54F47FC2B for <talk-origins@moderators.isc.org>; Wed, 21 Aug 2024 15:52:05 -0400 (EDT) DKIM-Filter: OpenDKIM Filter v2.11.0 mod-relay.zaccari.net E54F47FC2B (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature ECDSA (P-256)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.eternal-september.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id C50915F83D for <talk-origins@moderators.isc.org>; Wed, 21 Aug 2024 19:52:03 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: name/C50915F83D; dmarc=fail (p=none dis=none) header.from=gmail.com id 3AAFEDC01A9; Wed, 21 Aug 2024 21:52:03 +0200 (CEST) X-Injection-Date: Wed, 21 Aug 2024 21:52:03 +0200 (CEST) Content-Language: en-US X-Auth-Sender: U2FsdGVkX19k8Y1+3EjPqmB+rmPywm7TBY55BI/+8hE= FORGED_GMAIL_RCVD,FORGED_MUA_MOZILLA,FREEMAIL_FORGED_FROMDOMAIN, FREEMAIL_FROM,FREEMAIL_REPLYTO_END_DIGIT,HEADER_FROM_DIFFERENT_DOMAINS, NML_ADSP_CUSTOM_MED,RCVD_IN_VALIDITY_CERTIFIED_BLOCKED, RCVD_IN_VALIDITY_RPBL_BLOCKED,SPF_HELO_NONE,SPF_PASS, T_SCC_BODY_TEXT_LINE,URIBL_BLOCKED autolearn=no autolearn_force=no version=3.4.6 smtp.eternal-september.org Bytes: 4705 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07830-1 paywalled, but Science news article: https://www.science.org/content/article/odd-fish-has-30-times-much-dna-humans-new-record-animals They have just identified the new largest animal genome, but unlike amphibians that duplicated their whole genomes over and over to create their large genomes this lobe-finned fish (a species of lungfish) enlarged it's genome by failing to regulate the multiplication of transposons. It has a 91 billion base-pair genome, but still only as many genes as related lobe-finned fish (lobe-finned fish gave rise to tetrapods). It has roughly the same number of genes that humans have, but it's genome is 30 times larger. Allowing transposons to run rampant has increased it's genome size with copies of transposons by about 3 billion base-pairs every 10 million years. Transposons are parasitic bits of DNA that can replicate and move from place to place in the genome. Because of their parasitic nature they have been lumped into junk DNA, but they often do have functional genes, and take their own transcription regulatory sequences with them when the hop around the genome, so they have some function, but it isn't geared to helping out the host. They just use the host cells to keep replicating more copies of themselves. Jumping into genes causes genetic diseases and jumping around genes can cause differential regulation of the surrounding genes, so they cause insertion mutations that do affect the organism, but like other mutations, most of the mutations are benign, some of them are bad, and a few of them may do some interesting things. At this time for this lungfish probably nearly all new transposition events are likely messing up existing transposon sequence. About 90% of the genome seems to be transposon sequence at this time, but my guess is that most of the remaining 90% is just old transposon sequence that has been mutated to the extent that they can't recognize the fragments as once being transposons. Ron Okimoto