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From: clzb93ynxj@att.net (LaurenceClarkCrossen)
Newsgroups: sci.physics.relativity
Subject: Re: Interesting. ChatGPT fails defending starlight deflection when photons
 graze Sun's surface
Date: Sat, 18 Jan 2025 01:34:39 +0000
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On Sat, 18 Jan 2025 0:57:06 +0000, ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog wrote:

> On Fri, 17 Jan 2025 21:46:00 +0000, rhertz wrote:
>
>> For me, c IS CONSTANT, and the phenomena of deflection is due to
>> REFRACTION.
>
> ======================================================================
>
> In the Earth's ionosphere, radio waves are strongly refracted by free
> electrons. This refraction is strongly dependent on frequency:
>
> n^2 = 1 - ω_p^2 / [ω(ω + iν)]
>
> where ω_p is the plasma frequency. Propagation of optical frequency
> light is virtually unaffected by free electrons in the ionosphere.
>
> Both radio frequencies and optical frequencies are refracted by BOUND
> electrons in atoms and molecules. In the Earth's atmosphere, water
> molecules are extremely important in the refraction of radio waves,
> but of rather less importance in the refraction of optical frequencies.
>
> ======================================================================
>
> In the solar corona, the situation is quite different. Radio waves
> are, of course, refracted by free electrons in the solar corona, so
> VLBI measurements of the gravitational deflection of radio waves must
> be corrected for refraction. This is done by performing measurements
> at multiple wavelengths and using the known relationship between
> wavelength and refraction by free electrons to determine the
> un-refracted path of the radio waves.
>
> It is unnecessary to correct for refraction by BOUND electrons because
> of their almost complete absence in the solar corona. Above a
> transition zone a few thousand kilometers above the surface, the
> coronal gases are heated to temperatures greater than 1,000,000°C. At
> such temperatures, all of the lighter elements (hydrogen, helium,
> carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) are stripped down to bare nuclei.
> Spectral lines visible in the corona comes from heavier trace elements
> like iron and calcium which are able to retain a few of their
> electrons.
>
> (Do not be confused by the F corona spectral lines, which are due to
> scattering of light by dust particles.)
>
> Visible light passing by the Sun is not refracted by FREE electrons in
> the solar corona, and the complete stripping of electrons from all
> elements up through oxygen means that there are virtually no BOUND
> electrons in polarizable atomic species capable of refracting visible
> light either.
>
> In other words, not only is the solar atmosphere far too tenuous to
> contribute significantly to the measured deflection of visible light,
> its composition is entirely wrong.
>
> ======================================================================
Alexander Unzicker differs with you on that in his book, "The Liquid
Sun."