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Gdy będą chętni, to znajdę tajną księgę Tradycyjnej Medycyny Chińskiej

sprzed 2000 lat

Czyli tradycyjne leki z dzikich roślin, leczące wszystkie choroby
swiata, także raka, u każdego na swiecie.

https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/10/351


The aim of current study is to provide a significant traditional
knowledge on wild medicines used for ethnoveterinary purposes in the
rural area of Maraog region in district Shimla. The medicinal plants
have played a significant role in the treatment of human as well as
animal’s diseases. The rural people of the Maraog region were
interviewed through a questionnaire and extensive field surveys were
conducted from June 2020 to July 2021. The discussion, observations and
interviews were conducted in study site and included 96 informants. The
information gathered from the residents is presented in a table format
and includes scientific and local names, different parts used, diseases
treated and mode administration. The most commonly used taxa are
calculated with used value. The study revealed 100 plants in which trees
(7), shrubs (26), herbs (56), ferns (5), grasses (3) and climbers (3)
were identified. The most commonly documented livestock diseases were
found to be hoof infections, eyes infections, poisoning and skin
infections. In the current study, the Rosaceae family was reported as
being the highest number (11), followed by Asteraceae (10) and then
Lamiaceae (6). It was found that leaves, roots, flowers and fruits are
the commonly used parts for ethnoveterinary medications. The
phytochemicals present in the plant, such as alkaloids, sterols,
glycosides, flavonoids, lignin, coumarins and terpenoids, etc., may be
responsible for their medicinal properties. In this documentation, it
was observed that the younger generation does not have good knowledge of
medicinal plants as compared to the older ones. Therefore, it is
necessary to preserve the traditional knowledge of these medicinal
plants before their permanent loss. The documentation and conservation
of medicinal plants can be a good start for novel phytopharmacological
research in the veterinary field.
Keywords:
therapeutic uses; ethnoveterinary plants; rural people; livestock

1. Introduction
Ethnoveterinary medicine is a branch of science that explores the
values, methods, skills, procedures and practices used for animal health
care [1,2,3,4]. In rural areas of the northwestern Himalaya, plants are
important for ethnic communities’ survival. As the World Health
Organization (WHO) reports, approximately 80% of the world’s population
is directly dependent on plant resources for their health, especially
those living in rural regions [5,6]. India is considered a rich source
of biodiversity, with two mega biodiversity hotspots, the Western Ghats
and Eastern Himalayas [7]. The state of Himachal Pradesh has about 3256
plant species [8]. There are 3120 species of angiosperms, 124 species of
pteridophytes and 12 species of gymnosperms in Himachal Pradesh. The
high and low hills are covered with coniferous forests, with oak trees
growing in the hollows. Firs and spruce dominate the higher elevations,
while pines cover the lower elevations. The Himachal Pradesh is rich
source of herbal medicinal plants and people of some areas are
completely dependent on these plants for their well-being. In different
reports, it was documented that aromatic and medicinal plants are used
for various therapeutic purposes [9,10,11]. It was reported that
different plants species have been used in India for medicinal purposes
and human nourishment since Vedic times [12]. Medicinal plants possess
different types of phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoid and
saponin. [13,14,15]. The different natural resources from forests such
as wild plants are used to fulfil the daily human beings’ requirements,
such as fuel, fodder and medicines [16,17]. Some wild plants yielding
fruits are major source of nutrients and economy for many communities
throughout the world [18,19]. Since ancient times, plants have been used
by the majority of tribal communities. Some causes, such as rising drug
prices and veterinary practices, have suddenly increased interest in the
field of ethnoveterinary research [20]. People acquire ethnoveterinary
information through several years of experience and only orally pass it
on from generation to generation (oral tradition). With rapid cultural
changes and modernization, this traditional information is being loss
[21]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to for scientific documentation
of traditional information from rural areas of India [22]. Different
types of ethnoveterinary research on the use of plants in therapeutic
studies have been conducted around the world [23]. Ethnoveterinary
traditional knowledge is applied for the health care system of domestic
animals [24,25]. In India, since the Vedic era, plants have been used in
veterinary treatment [26,27,28]. The current study documented a large
number of wild plants with medicinal properties and therapeutic
applications which are still unknown from Maraog region in Shimla
district. In this context, it is important to conduct the extensive
field surveys in unexplored regions that document the ethnoveterinary
knowledge, because rapid urbanization and the greater use of synthetic
drugs or medicines and culture variations may contribute to the loss of
traditional knowledge from society. In addition, it can also provide
important information for the selection of natural alternatives for
treating livestock diseases and finding new drugs. Therefore, an attempt
has been performed to document some useful indigenous knowledge of
ethnoveterinary uses of plants from the rural region of Maraog in
district Shimla of Himachal Pradesh, India. It was observed that due to
modernization in the society, new generation of the study area is not
interested in traditional knowledge; hence, the compilation of these
ethnoveterinary plants is need of time. The usefulness of
ethnopharmacology for drug development will be severely limited due to a
lack of regional knowledge base concerning medicinal plants that can be
exploited in veterinary ethnopharmacology. This study was conducted in
the Shimla district of Maraog region in order to preserve the
traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. The primary aim of this
research was to collect and document the local traditional knowledge of
ethnoveterinary plants used by native people of study site.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
The survey was carried out in Maraog region in tehsil Chopal of Shimla
district. Maraog region is a rural area in Shimla district of Himachal
Pradesh with a diverse ecological, archaeological, religious,
mythological and spiritual community Figure 1. Chopal forest division is
divided into 7 forest ranges and has 73 forest beats and 22 forest
blocks [29]. Agriculture and farming are the primary occupations of the
residents of the district. Apple, maize, green vegetables and potato are
the chief cultivation crops grown in the study region. The animals such
as sheep, goats, cows and buffalos are popular at the study site and
provide meat, milk and milk products for rural people in Shimla
district.
Horticulturae 07 00351 g001 550
Figure 1. Scale map of study site.
2.2. Sampling Informants
During a survey, a total of 96 informants (57 male and 39 female) were
selected for interview. The age and educational background of informants
were documented during interview. The informants were divided into 5
groups on the basis of their age (Table 1). In this study, it is
discovered that aged people have immense traditional knowledge of
ethnoveterinary plants as compared to younger generation.
Table 1. Demography and literacy among informants.
Table
2.3. Ethnoveterinary Data Collection and Ethical Considerations
The ethnoveterinary data were collected from Maraog region in district
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh India. A total of 96 male and female informants
were selected by snowball methods for interviews. The ethnoveterinary
data were collected through pretested questionnaire, observation,
interviews and participatory observations [30,31]. The extensive field
visits were used to collect ethnoveterinary data from unexplored rural
area of Maraog in tehsil Chopal of Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh,
India. For ethnoveterinary survey questionnaire was divided into 3
sections: demographic data, ethnoveterinary plant uses and informant’s
declaration. The ethnoveterinary plants species collected from Maraog
region in between 2020 to 2021 and they were identified from Botanical
Survey of India, Dehradun Uttarakhand, India. The identified plant
specimens with voucher numbers were submitted to the herbarium of
Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Questionnaire for Conducting the Ethnoveterinary Study
The authors followed a specific questionnaire for conducting this study,
as given in Supplementary Information S1.
2.4. Data Analysis
Ethnoveterinary data were collected by snowball method and selected 96
informants (male and female) from Maraog region in tehsil Chopal. The
ethnoveterinary data were analyzed through used value.
Use Value
The use value is an ethnobotanical key that has been used to calculate
the relative value of useful plant species [32,33].
UV = Σ Ui /n
where Ui is the number of usage reports cited by each informer for a
given plants and n is total number of informants. The use value is
important to find which plants are most useful to specific inhabitants,
estimating possible medicinal plant uses and determining community
awareness [34,35]. It has been mentioned that use value places more
significance to plants which have various uses, even if these species
are not well identified [36]. A high use value indicates that the plant
is important, while a low or zero use value indicates that the plant is
rarely used or recorded. There is no indication in the use value whether
the plant is used for one or more purposes [37].
3. Results
3.1. Ethnoveterinary Plants Reported by the Informants
In study site a total of 96 informants reported 100 plant species used
for ethnoveterinary purposes. In this study, it was found that Rosaceae,
Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the highest reported families by rural
people of Maraog. The Rosaceae family had 11 plant species, followed by
Asteraceae family with 10 plants and the Lamiaceae family with 6 plants;
the Apiaceae, Brassicaceae and Solanaceae families each contributed 3
plant species, while the Fabaceae and Polygonaceae families each
contributed 4 plant species; the Amaranthaceae, Berberidaceae,
Oxalidaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Primulaceae, Pteridaceae, Ranunculaceae,
Scrophulariaceae and Utricaceae contributed 2 plant species (Figure 2).
Horticulturae 07 00351 g002 550
Figure 2. Representation of the families and number of plants studied at
study site.
Some ethnomedicinal plants in the study area are well known for
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