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From: RonO <rokimoto557@gmail.com>
Newsgroups: talk.origins
Subject: Latest Neanderthal genome sequence
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2024 17:09:24 -0500
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Open Access
https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/fulltext/S2666-979X(24)00177-0

https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/dna-of-thorin-one-of-the-last-neanderthals-finally-sequenced-revealing-inbreeding-and-50-000-years-of-genetic-isolation

They think that this Neanderthal male existed 42,000 years ago.  This 
would make him the most recent find in terms of geologic age.  There is 
some evidence that Neanderthals existed until around 30,000 years ago, 
but we do not have fossil bones, just their tool set.  Like other 
Neanderthal individuals this one seems to be highly inbred and is the 
product of close relatives mating.  His sequence indicates that his 
people separated from the other extant Neanderthal lineages around 
50,000 years before this individual existed.  Somehow this group of 
Neanderthals remained isolated in their valley for a very long time. 
They still retained the older Neanderthal tool set while their 
contemporaries in Western Europe had adopted a new method of making tools.

It sort of looks like the population went the way of the Wrangle Island 
Mammoths and inbreeding depression may have been one of factors involved 
in their eventual demise.

The modern humans that invaded Europe seemed to have a means to limit 
inbreeding.  One sex stayed with the clan and the other left to join 
other clans.

One thing about inbreeding is that it can mess with genetic relationship 
analysis.  Inbreeding causes loss of genetic variation in a population, 
so you have to try to determine how much different the haplotypes are 
from the those found in other populations, and try to separate the 
genetic distance due to loss of variation the population once had, from 
the variation that accumulated in the haplotypes that they still share 
with the other populations.  I do not know if this was done in this 
case.  Inbreeding sort of unzips a lineage and makes the branch length 
to that individual look longer than it actually is, but the longer 
branch length is due to the variation that has been lost, not gained.

Ron Okimoto