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From: Mikko <mikko.levanto@iki.fi>
Newsgroups: sci.logic
Subject: Re: I just fixed the loophole of the Gettier cases
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 2024 11:59:29 +0300
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On 2024-09-14 21:26:42 +0000, olcott said:

> On 9/13/2024 3:09 AM, Mikko wrote:
>> On 2024-09-13 01:17:15 +0000, olcott said:
>> 
>>> On 9/12/2024 3:54 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>> On 2024-09-11 12:14:53 +0000, olcott said:
>>>> 
>>>>> On 9/11/2024 2:05 AM, Mikko wrote:
>>>>>> On 2024-09-10 13:23:39 +0000, olcott said:
>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> They all have negation as failure, the key element
>>>>>>> required to reject self-contradictory expressions.
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> The not operator of Prolog is not a part of Horn clause system. It is
>>>>>> not the same as the not operator of ordinary logic. Therefore one nust
>>>>>> be careful with its use and interpretation.
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> You have not defined what you mean with "reject" and how that relates
>>>>>> to the behaviour of Prolog programs.
>>>>>> 
>>>>> 
>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation_as_failure
>>>>> The failure to prove X from Facts and Rules
>>>>> means that X is untrue yet not necessarily false.
>>>>> 
>>>>> The failure to prove X or ~X from Facts and Rules
>>>>> means that X is untrue and unfalse, thus not a
>>>>> truth bearer.
>>>> 
>>>> X may represent a real world claim that is either true or false but
>>>> cannot be determined either way with Prolog rules.
>>>> 
>>> 
>>> When a Prolog Fact is specified that cats are animals
>>> then we can know by Prolog Facts that cats are animals.
>> 
>> We know that even if no Prolog fact about that is specified.
> 
> Not one single being in the universe understood
> that "cats are animals" was anything but pure gibberish
> until this was specified.

That was well understood long before there was any Prolog.
Even before "cat" and "animal" were words in the same language
similar relations were understood but expressed with other
words.

> Prolog is like a 100% empty mind until we tell it
> some facts it literally knows nothing.
> 
> When we tell it "cats are animals" is a fact it knows
> literally nothing else.
> 
> The entire verbal model of the actual world is built
> this same way.

It is not a model of the actual world unless the words are related
to the actual world.

> "The Earth is spherical" makes exactly as much sense
> as "dgfjlok ergkoi rti932rm 45 njedfww" until specified
> otherwise.

The meanings of the words "Earth" and "spherical" come from tradition,
not from specifications. Specifications may override the meanings
for some purposes (in which case "The Earth is spherical" can be false
as the Earth is not exactly spherical).

-- 
Mikko